ویژگی‌ها و چالش‌های مرجعیت علمی ایران از منظر سرآمدان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مطالعات آینده علم و فناوری، مرکز تحقیقات سیاست علمی کشور، تهران، ایران.

2 کارشناس ارشد مدیریت فناوری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت فناوری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

مرجعیت علمی از کلید واژگان اسناد بالادستی و سخنرانی‌های سیاست‌گذاران علم و فناوری است که شاخص‌های ارزیابی آن به‌صورت شفاف تبیین نشده است. اگرچه پژوهش‌هایی در این زمینه انجام‌شده، لیکن کماکان تصویر ذهنی مورد اجماعی از مرجعیت علمی ایران وجود ندارد. در این مقاله تلاش شده با انجام یک پژوهش کیفی و مبتنی مصاحبه (با منتخب دانشمندان عضو هیئت‌علمی وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری سرآمد کشور از علوم، نسل‌ها و رشته‌های مختلف انتخاب‌شده بر اساس لیست یک درصد برتر ای-اِس-آی و لیست سالانه پایگاه استنادی علوم جهان اسلام) ابعاد این مفهوم موردبررسی قرار گیرد. روش تحقیق، مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختاریافته و تحلیل محتوای آن‌ها بوده است. در این پژوهش مفهوم مرجعیت علمی از منظر جامعه خبرگان در مقایسه با تعاریف مرسوم برگرفته از پیشینه موضوع قرار گرفت و شاخص‌های ارزیابی و شناخت مرجعیت علمی موردبررسی قرار گرفتند. به­علاوه، چالش‌های کلیدی به‌عنوان موانع دستیابی به مرجعیت علمی به‌عنوان نقطه آغازین سیاست‌گذاری علم و فناوری برشمرده شدند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد وجود ابهام در تعریف مفاهیمی همچون مرجعیت علمی که ویژگی تکاملی دارند یک نقیصه نبوده و تابعی از شرایط و بستر توسعه علمی در حوزه‌های مختلف است. به­علاوه نشان داده شد مفهوم مرجعیت علمی در هر دو سطح فردی و نهادی قابل‌بررسی بوده و این دو در ارتباطی نظام‌مند می‌توانند به تسهیل مرجعیت در علم بیانجامند. بعلاوه مرجعیت علمی در شبکه همکاری و در پاسخ به نیازهای جامعه تثبیت خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

An Essay on Scientific Authority from the Perspective of a Selected Pre-eminent Iranian Scientist

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Hafezi 1
  • Freshteh Mirza Rasouli 2
  • Mitra Aminlou 3
1 Science & Technology Futures Studies Dep., National Research Institute for Science Policy, Tehran, Iran.
2 MSc in Technology Management, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Ph.D. Candidate in Technology Management, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Iran's, national policy documents and appeared in science policymakers' orations however there is no consensus on definition and indicators to evaluate it. Previous studies tried to dedicate a comprehensive definition but there is no common image of the concept of scientific authority. This research aimed to discuss different aspects of the concept of scientific authority based on a qualitative research method using experts' judgments (a selection of Iranian scientists affiliated with the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology who are listed in ESI 1% and the annual ISC list). Semi-structured interviews and content analysis were implemented to present a definition of scientific authority and characteristics to identify a person or system with authority in science. Moreover, major challenges as initiators of the science and technology policymaking process were identified and prioritized. Findings showed it could be claimed that for evolving concepts, such as scientific authority, which are context dependent lack of a consensus definition is not a defect, but the best explanations are expected to present by research communities. Moreover, it has been revealed that scientific authority emerged at both individual and institutional levels that can facilitate national scientific development if they interact systematically. Also, findings showed reinforcing communication networks and respond to the society stabilize the scientific authority.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Scientific Authority
  • Science and Technology Development
  • Science and Research policymaking
  • higher education
  • Iran
[1] Crease, R.P. (2019). The rise and fall of scientific authority--and how to bring it back. Nature. 567(7746): p. 309-309.DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-00872-w
[2] Brossard, D. and Nisbet, M.C. (2007). Deference to scientific authority among a low information public: Understanding US opinion on agricultural biotechnology. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 19(1): p. 24-52. DOI: 10.1093/ijpor/edl003
[3] Petersen, A.M., Vincent, E.M. and Westerling, A.L. (2019). Discrepancy in scientific authority and media visibility of climate change scientists and contrarians. Nature communications. 10(1): p. 1-14. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09959-4
[4] Kousazadeh, F. Akbari, A. Maghool, A. Jabbari, M.  and Kousazadeh, A. (2019). Identifying and prioritizing factors affecting the scientific authority of the university. Research in Educational Science. 13(47): p. 133-152 {In Persian}. DOI: 10.22034/jiera.2019.173167.1816
[5] Taban, M. Yasini, A. Shiri, A. and Mohammadi, I. (2016). Designing and Explaining Process Model of Scientific Authority in Iran’s Higher Education Mixed approach. Knowledge Retrieval and Semantic Systems. 3(6): p. 20-40 {In Persian}.
[6] Dill, D.D. and Sporn, B. (1995). Emerging Patterns of Social Demand and University Reform: Through a Glass Darkly. Issues in Higher Education.
[7] Yazdani, Siahtir, and Abardeh. (2020). Discourse analysis of scientific supremacy in Iran. Teb va tazkiye. 29(3): p. 183-195 {In Persian}.
[8] Mahmoudi, Salehi, and Yazdi. (2021). Knowledge-based leadership and scientific authority in medical universities; A review study. Clinical Excellence. 11(1): p. 43-53 {In Persian}.
[9] Hoseini Moghadam, M., Bashiri, H., Heidarzadeh, A., Khoshrang, H., Dadgaran, I. (2019). Futures Driven Model of Scientific Excellency, Case Study: Gilan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Iran Futures Studies. 4(1): p. 1717-205 {In Persian}. DOI: 10.30479/JFS.2019.10603.1053
[10] Yahyapour Y, Aghatabar-Roudbari J, Nikbakhsh N, Mouodi S S. (2017). Identify Aspects of Scientific Authority in Babol University of Medical Sciences. Research in Medical Education. 9(1): p. 67-71 {In Persian}. DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.rme.9.1.71
[11] Sadabadi, A. A., Rahimi Rad, Z., fartash, K. (2020). Recognizing the components of scientific referent in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Research Journal on Islamic Revolution. 10(35): p. 87-115 {In Persian}. DOI: 10.22084/RJIR.2020.21909.3091
[12] Goodarzi, G. and Roudi, K. (2011). Interpretation of Scientific Authority for Educational Institutions by Applying Grounded Theory. Journal Of Science and Technology Policy. 4(2): p. 75-90. DOI: 20.1001.1.20080840.1390.4.2.7.6
[13] Seied-Javadin, S.R., Hassangholipour, T., Rahnavard, F. and Tab, M. (2012). Conceptualization of scientific authority in the higher education system. Journal of Research in Educational Systems. 6(16): p. 1-27 {In Persian}. DOI: 20.1001.1.23831324.1391.6.16.1.8
[14] Mohammad Gholam Ghavam Abadi, Seyyed Mehdi Mortazavi Nejad, Somayeh Norouzi, Mojtaba Javadi, Saeed Naani, Mohammad Abdolhosein Zadeh, (2015). The scientific authority model in the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the statements of the Leader. Basij Strategic Research. 68(18): p. 5-30 {In Persian}.
[15] Mohammad Taban, Reza Seyyed Javadian, Yasan Allah Poor Ashraf, Ali Yasini, Mahdi Viseh.  (2016). Identification of the Components of Scientific Reference Frame in Iran Higher Education with a Knowledge Based Approach. The Knowledge Studies in The Islamic University. 20(67): p. 163-182 {in Persian}.
[16] Tahmasebi Boloukabadi, R., Javadi, M., Mirzaei Havashki, M.H. and Latifi, M. (2018). Extracting and Prioritizing Strategies for Achieving Scientific Authority an Importance- Performance Analysis. Rahbord. 27(1) {in Persian}. DOI: 20.1001.1.10283102.1397.27.1.1.5
[17] Mahdinejhad noori, M., Barzegar, P., Fateh rad, M., & Zahedi, M. M. (2020). Development an Architecture Framework for Science, Technology and Innovation In order to Achieve Scientific Authority. Interdisciplinary Studies on Strategic Knowledge. 4(13): p. 71-110 {in Persian}. DOI: 20.1001.1.74672588.1399.4.13.3.0
[18] Moghaddasi, H. (2022). Designating the Route to Scientific Leadership by Creating a System for National Innovation. Iranian Journal of Culture and Health Promotion. 5(4): p. 434-441 {in Persian}.
[19] Azadi Ahmadabadi, Gh. (2022). Extraction and prioritization of strategies for achieving scientific leadership in Iran with an interpretive structural modeling approach. Strategic Studies of public policy. 11(41): p. 240-265 {in Persian}.
[20] Abbasi, H., Nasiri Gharghani, B., Sourani Yancheshmeh, R., & Mosleh, M. (2019). Prioritizing effective components of the third generation of Medical Science Universities by the AHP Technique. {in Persian} Journal of Medicine and Spiritual Cultivation. 28(1): p. 16-36 {in Persian}.
[21] King, N., Horrocks, C. and Brooks, J. (2018) Interviews in qualitative research. Sage.
[22] Bryant, A. and Charmaz, K. (2007). The Sage handbook of grounded theory. Sage.
[23] Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L. (2017) The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
[24] Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage.
[25] Potter, W.J. and Levine‐Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Taylor & Francis.
[26] Brinkmann, S. (2013). Qualitative interviewing. Oxford university press.
[27] Roulston, K. and Choi, M. (2018). Qualitative interviews. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data collection: p. 233-249.
[28] Mazzucato, M., Kattel, R. and Ryan-Collins, J. (2020). Challenge-driven innovation policy: towards a new policy toolkit. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade. 20(2): p. 421-437. DOI: 10.1007/s10842-019-00329-w
[29] Ghazinoory, S., Nasri, S., Ameri, F., Montazer, G. A., & Shayan, A. (2020). Why do we need ‘Problem-oriented Innovation System (PIS)’for solving macro-level societal problems? Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 150: p. 119749. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119749
[30] Garfield, E., & Malin, M. V. (1968). Can Nobel Prize winners be predicted. In 135th meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Dallas, TX.
[31] Gingras, Y. and Wallace, M. (2010). Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: a bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007). Scientometrics. 82(2): p. 401-412. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9
[32] Muller, J.Z. (2019). The tyranny of metrics, in The Tyranny of Metrics. Princeton University Press.
[33] Saltelli, A. and Funtowicz, S. (2017). What is science’s crisis really about? Futures. 91: p. 5-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2017.05.010
[34] Katouzian, H. (2021). The Short-Term Society a Comparative Study in Problems of Long-Term Political and Economic Development in Iran. International Journal of New Political Economy2(2), 1-29. DOI: 10.52547/jep.2.2.1