نهادها و تأثیر آنها بر توسعه علم و فناوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

استادیار پژوهشکده مطالعات بنیادین علم و فناوری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران

چکیده

هدف این مقاله، معرفی و بررسی نهادهای مؤثر بر توسعه علم و فناوری و سیاست‌گذاری در خصوص شکست‌های نهادی است. مقاله حاضر ضمن بررسی مفهوم نهاد در حوزه اقتصاد و مطالعات نوآوری، نهاد را مجموعه‌ای از قیود انسانی و سازمانی شکل‌دهنده تعاملات، رفتار و عملکرد بازیگران مختلف جامعه تعریف و نهادها را ذیل سه دسته نهادهای فیزیکی (شامل سازمان‌های فعال نظام علم، فناوری و نوآوری نظیر دانشگاه، بنگاه و دولت)، نهادهای سخت (مانند قوانین، سیاست‌ها و استانداردها) و نهادهای نرم (مانند تعاملات، روال‌ها و هنجارها) دسته‌بندی نموده است. به علاوه وابستگی نهادها به بافتار اقتصادی، سیاسی و اجتماعی (چه به صورت عام و چه نهادهای مؤثر بر توسعه علم و فناوری) که در آن واقع شده‌اند از ملاحظاتی است که در خصوص بررسی نهادها مورد تأکید قرار گرفته است. از دیگر جنبه‌های تأثیرگذاری نهادها، تأثیر آنها بر عملکرد سطوح مختلف تحلیلی از جمله بنگاه، بخش‌های صنعتی و همچنین توسعه علم، فناوری و نوآوری است. مطابق یافته‌های این مقاله، نهادهای مالکیت فکری، آموزش، روال‌های یادگیری و تحقیق‌وتوسعه و نهایتاً تعاملات و اعتماد بین بازیگران از مهم‌ترین نهادهای مؤثر بر توسعه علم و فناوری محسوب می‌شوند. شکست‌های نهادی که از ضعف در عملکرد نهادهای موجود و یا خلاء نهادی حاصل می‌شود و لزوم مداخلات سیاستی در خصوص شکست نهادهای مؤثر بر توسعه علم و فناوری نیز از دیگر موضوعات دارای اهمیت در تحلیل‌ نهاد محسوب می‌شود که دلالت‌های سیاستی متنوعی را برای سیاست‌گذاران و تصمیم‌گیران به همراه دارد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Institutions and their Influnence on Science and Technology Development

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kiarash Fartash
  • Ali Asghar Sadabadai
Assistant Professor, Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and examine institutions that influence science and technology (S&T) development and policy considerations regarfing institutional failures. On this basis, present paper investigates the concept of the institution in economics and innovation studies, and categorizes institutions under physical institutions, including active organizations in STI development (such as universities, firms, government), hard institutions (such as laws, policies and standards) and soft institutions (such as interactions, routines, and norms), and defines institutions as a set of human made constraints and organizations that shape the interactions, behaviors, and performance of different actors in society. In addition, dependency of the institutions, either generally or those influence S&T development, to the economic, political and social context in which they exist is a consideration that have been emphasized. Among other aspects of institutions effects, their impact on the performance of various analytical levels, including firms, industrial sectors and the development, and on the development of STI is examined. Our findings suggest, intellectual property, education, learning and R&D routines, interactions and trust among actors are the key institutions that influence S&T development. Institutional failures that emerge from weaknesses in the functioning of existing institutions or lack of required institutions, and the need for policy interventions on this basis for promoting S&T development are also issues of importance in institutional analysis, which offer a variety of policy implication aimed at policy and decision makers.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Institution
  • Hard Institution
  • Soft Institution
  • Institutions and S&T Development
  • S&T Development
  • Institutions and Technological Changes
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