اولویت‌گذاری حوزه‌های علم، فناوری و نوآوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری سیاست‌گذاری علم و فناوری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران

2 دانشیار دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران

چکیده

با وجود رشد هزینه‌کرد تحقیق‌وتوسعه در اثر گسترش رویکرد دانش‌بنیان به توسعه اقتصادی، به علت تنوع روزافزون و ماهیت میان‌رشته‌ای فعالیت‌های پژوهشی و نوآوری، هیچ کشوری قادر به پژوهش در لبه علم و فناوری در کلیه حوزه‌های پژوهشی نیست و در نتیجه اولویت‌گذاری از جایگاه ویژه‌ای در سیاست‌گذاری علم، فناوری و نوآوری برخوردار است. در این مقاله ابتدا ابعاد مختلف (تعاریف، انواع، مدل‌های نظری، فرآیند، تاریخچه، چالش‌ها و روش‌ها) اولویت‌گذاری علم، فناوری و نوآوری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و سپس تخصصی‌سازی هوشمند به عنوان به‌روزترین راهبرد مبتنی بر اولویت‌گذاری علم، فناوری و نوآوری معرفی شده و در پایان نیز با رویکردی انتقادی تجربه اولویت‌گذاری در نقشه جامع علمی کشور مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. مطالعات صورت‌گرفته نشان می‌دهد که کلیه سازوکارهای اولویت‌گذاری با توجه به الگوی وابستگی به مسیر تدوین اولویت‌ها، چسبندگی تاریخی نهادها و منطق متفاوت و واگرای مداخلات دولتی به طور هم‌زمان مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. با این حال ساختار کلی اولویت‌گذاری علم و فناوری کشورهای مختلف در حال همگرایی به سمت تأکید مجدد بر اولویت‌های کارکردی، رویکرد نظام‌مند به تدوین راهبرد و اولویت‌گذاری، ترکیب رویکردهای بالا به پائین و پائین به بالا و تقسیم کار بیشتر در اثر افزایش تعداد بازیگران مؤثر در فرآیند اولویت‌گذاری می‌باشد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Priority-Setting in Science, Technology and Innovation

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Fatemi 1
  • MohammadReza Arasti 2
1 Ph.D Candidate in Science & Technology Policy Making, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor of MOT, Graduate School of Management and Economics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Despite the growing expenditure of R&D caused the development of a knowledge-based approach to economic development, no country is able to research on the edge of science and technology in all areas of research, due to the increasing diversity and the nature of the interdisciplinary activities of research and innovation and thus, priority-setting has a significant role in science, technology, and innovation policy. In this research, various dimensions (definitions, types, theoretical models, process, history, challenges and methods) of STI priority-setting have been studied. Then, Smart Specialization has been introduced as the most up-to-date strategy based on the STI priority-setting, and in the end the prioritizing experience in Iran’s comprehensive scientific map has been evaluated with a critical approach. The study indicates that all mechanisms for priority-setting are used simultaniously according to the path-dependency of priority formation, the historical stickiness of institutions, and the diffrentiated rationales behind government interventions; and the problem is the combination pattern of mechanisms. However, the overall structure of priority-setting among different countries is converging to re-emphasizing on functional priorities, systematic approach to strategy and prioritization, combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches, and division of work among various actors involving in the priority-setting proccess.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Priority-Setting
  • STI
  • Smart Specialization
  • Iran’s Comprehensive Scientific Map
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