هوشمندی راهبردی در سیاست‌گذاری علم، فناوری و نوآوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشگاه علوم و فناوری اطلاعات ایران (ایرانداک)، تهران

2 استادیار مرکز تحقیقات سیاست علمی کشور، تهران

چکیده

دوره حاضر که عصر اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان نام دارد با تغییرات سریع و فزاینده در دانش بشری و عرصه‌های مختلف اجتماعی، اقتصادی، صنعتی، سیاسی و فناورانه روبروست. مواجهه با چنین شرایطی، مستلزم هوشیاری و واکنش‌های پیش‌دستانه سیاست‌گذاران علم، فناوری و نوآوری نسبت به تغییرات و پیشامدهای آتی، پیشرفت‌های مختلف فناوری و تأثیرات بلندمدت آنهاست. هوشمندی راهبردی در سیاست‌گذاری از طریق فرآیند منظم جستجو و پردازش، خلق، حفاظت و اشاعه اطلاعات معطوف به تصمیم‌گیری و انتقال آنها به فرد مناسب در زمان مناسب، با ایجاد هوشیاری در سیاست‌گذاران نقش مؤثری را در این خصوص بازی می‌کند که به عنوان یک مفهوم علمی در پیشینه این حوزه تاکنون به صورتی منسجم در ایران مورد توجه قرار نگرفته است. مطالعه حاضر به دنبال واکاوی مفهوم فوق و ابزارهای آن بوده و در این راستا، ارتباط هوشمندی راهبردی با سیاست‌گذاری از سه منظر پنجره فرصت، روشنی اهداف و حقانیت شواهد تشریح شده است. همچنین ابزارهای مهم هوشمندی نظیر آینده‌نگاری علم و فناوری، پیش‌بینی فناوری و نیز ارزیابی فناوری به همراه جایگاه آنها در گام‌های مختلف سیاست‌گذاری تبیین شده است. در نهایت نیز به منظور تصریح نقش هوشمندی راهبردی در سیاست‌گذاری یک نمونه داخلی برای آن معرفی شده است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Strategic Intelligence in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Making (STI)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Leila Namdarian 1
  • Reza Naghizadeh 2
1 Assistant Professor, Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, National Resaerch Institute for Science Policy (NRISP), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The present age, known as the knowledge based economy, is facing rapid and growing changes in human knowledge and in various social, economic, industrial, political and technological fields. Facing such conditions requires the intelligence and active reaction of STI policymakers to future developments, technological advancements, and their long-term effects. Strategic policy intelligence (SPI) plays an effective role in creating awareness of STI policymakers through the, process, diffuse and protect information in order to make it available to the right person at the right time. SPI has not been considered in a coherent way as a scientific concept in the literature in Iran. In order to fill this gap, this paper seeks to study this concept and its tools. In this regard, strategic intelligence (SI) relation with policy is described from three perspectives of the window of opportunity, Clarity of purpose and legitimacy of policy evidence. Then important SPI tools as foresight, technology forcasting, technology assessment and their application in various policy steps are explained. Finally, in order to emphasize the role of strategic intelligence in policy making, the Iranian case has been introduced.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Strategic Intelligence
  • STI Policy Making
  • Foresight
  • Technology Forcasting
  • Technology Assessment
[1] Choo, C. W. (2002). Information management for an intelligent organization: The art of environmental scanning. Learned Information, Medford, NJ.
[2] Miller, J. (2000). Millennium intelligence: understanding and conducting competitive intelligence in the digital age. Medford: Information Today, Inc.
[3] Bali, R. K., Wickramasinghe, N., Lehaney, B., Schaffer, J., & Gibbons, M. C. (2009). Healthcare knowledge management primer. New York: Routledge.
[4] Arcos, R. (2016). Public relations strategic intelligence: Intelligence analysis, communication and influence. Public Relations Review, 42(2), 264-270.
[5] Evans, D. (2012). Risk intelligence: How to live with uncertainty. New York: Free Press.
[6] McKie, D., & Heath, R. L. (2016). Public relations as a strategic intelligence for the 21st century: Contexts, controversies, and challenges. Public Relations Review, 42(2), 298-305.
[7] Calof, J., & Smith, J. E. (2012). Foresight impacts from around the world: a special issue. Foresight, 14(1), 5-14.
[8] Fleisher, C. S., & Bensoussan, B. E. (2015). Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press.
[9] Kuosa, T. (2014). Towards strategic intelligence: foresight, intelligence, and policy-making (No. 1). Helsinki: Dynamic Futures press.
[10] Aspinall, Y. (2011). Competitive intelligence in the biopharmaceutical industry: The key elements. Business Information Review, 28(2), 101-104.
[11] Tübke, A., Ducatel, K., Gavigan, J., Moncada-Paternò-Castello, P., Smits, R., Zweck, A., ... & HUT, A. S. (2001). Strategic policy intelligence: Current trends, the state of play and perspectives. IPTS, Seville.
[12] Smits, R. E., Kuhlmann, S., & Shapira, P. (2010). The theory and practice of innovation policy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
[13] Georghiou, L., & Keenan, M. (2006). Evaluation of national foresight activities: Assessing rationale, process and impact. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 73(7), 761-777.
[14] Jewell, C. J., & Bero, L. A. (2008). Developing good taste in evidence: facilitators of and hindrances to evidence informed health policymaking in state government. The Milbank Quarterly, 86(2), 177-208.
[15] Cagnin, C., Keenan, M., Johnston, R., Scapolo, F., & Barré, R. (Eds.). (2008). Future-oriented technology analysis: strategic intelligence for an innovative economy. Springer Science & Business Media.
[16] Ashford, L. S., Smith, R. R., De Souza, R. M., Fikree, F. F., & Yinger, N. V. (2006). Creating windows of opportunity for policy change: incorporating evidence into decentralized planning in Kenya. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84, 669-672.
[17] Miszczak, K. (2010). Strategic policy intelligence tools in management of European regions. The Journal of Regional Development and Planning, 2(2), 199-204.
[18] Martin, B. R. (2001). Matching societal needs and technological capabilities: research foresight and the implications for social sciences. Social sciences and innovation, 105-116.
[19] Andersen, A. D., & Andersen, P. D. (2014). Innovation system foresight. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 88, 276-286.
[20] Durst, C., Durst, M., Kolonko, T., Neef, A., & Greif, F. (2015). A holistic approach to strategic foresight: A foresight support system for the German Federal Armed Forces. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 97, 91-104.
[21] UNIDO. (2005). Unido technology foresight manual: Organization and methods. Vienna.
[22] Martin, B. R., & Johnston, R. (1999). Technology foresight for wiring up the national innovation system: experiences in Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. Technological forecasting and social change, 60(1), 37-54.
[23] Popper, R. (2008). How are foresight methods selected?. foresight, 10(6), 62-89.
[24] Van der Steen, M. A., & Van Twist, M. J. W. (2013). Foresight and long-term policy-making: An analysis of anticipatory boundary work in policy organizations in The Netherlands. Futures, 54, 33-42.
[25] Da Costa, O., Warnke, P., Cagnin, C., & Scapolo, F. (2008). The impact of foresight on policy-making: insights from the FORLEARN mutual learning process. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 20(3), 369-387.
[26] Amanatidou, E. (2011, September). Grand challenges–a new framework for foresight evaluation. In EU-SPRI conference papers. Manchester (pp. 20-22).
[27] Havas, A., Schartinger, D., & Weber, M. (2010). The impact of foresight on innovation policy-making: recent experiences and future perspectives. Research Evaluation, 19(2), 91-104.
[28] Ghazinoory, S., & Ghazinoori, S. (2012). Science, Technology and innovation policy making; An introduction. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares university. {In Persian}.
[29] Altuntas, S., Dereli, T., & Kusiak, A. (2015). Forecasting technology success based on patent data. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 96, 202-214.
[30] Huang, Y., Porter, A. L., Zhang, Y., Lian, X., & Guo, Y. (2018). An assessment of technology forecasting: Revisiting earlier analyses on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
[31] Surve, A. V. (2014). Study of Technology Forecasting Methods. International journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technolog, 1(5), 600-605.
[32] Nazarko, Ł. (2017). Future-oriented technology assessment. Procedia Engineering, 182, 504-509.
[33] Ghazinoori, S. (2004). Technology Assessment: Policy support Tool. Tehran: New Industries Center. {In Persian}.
[34] Hafner-Zimmermann, S. (2007). Strategic Policy Intelligence for Regional Decision-Making. The European Foresight Monitoring Network. Foresight Brief No. 122.
[35] Taati, M., & Bahrami, M. (2009). The effective factors on future of management of science and technology in Iran 1404. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 2(2), 47-61. {In Persian}.
[36] ZakerSalehi, G., & ZakerSalehi, A. (2009). Content analysis of "Iran’s comprehensive scientific plan" and proposed a model for the evaluation. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 2(2), 29-45. {In Persian}.
[37] Hassanzadeh, A., Namdarian, L., Majidpour, M., & Elahi, S. B. (2015). Developing a model to evaluate the impacts of science, technology and innovation foresight on policy-making. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 27(4), 437-460.