A Four-Level Conceptual Model of Innovation:A Dialectical Approach to Understanding and Policy-Making in Innovation

Heydari, Hamid

doi:10.22034/jstp.2026.12133.1966

A Four-Level Conceptual Model of Innovation:A Dialectical Approach to Understanding and Policy-Making in Innovation

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Hamid Heydari

Assistant Professor, Department of Science and Technology Studies, Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, Tehran, Iran

10.22034/jstp.2026.12133.1966

Abstract

Innovation has traditionally been conceptualized through economic growth indicators or technological advancement, yet such perspectives tend to overlook its broader socio-cognitive and institutional dimensions. A closer examination reveals that innovation is a multilayered and dialectical phenomenon that requires a more comprehensive framework for both theoretical understanding and policy-making. This article, through a systematic conceptual review of classical and contemporary literature, develops a four-level model of innovation that captures these complexities. At the cognitive level, innovation is grounded in processes of discovery and exploration. At the normative–temporal level, it derives its meaning from narratives of progress, development, and critique. At the structural level, innovation is embedded in gradual changes and fundamental institutional–social transformations. Finally, at the socio-productive level, it emerges from the interplay of creativity, invention, and imitation, which together enable the generation, materialization, and diffusion of novelty. The findings demonstrate that innovation becomes sustainable and socially legitimate only when these levels interact dialectically and dynamically. The proposed model not only integrates diverse theoretical traditions but also provides clear policy implications: strengthening the balance between exploration and discovery in research policies, rethinking normative frameworks of progress and responsibility, redesigning institutions to avoid technological lock-in, and supporting social mechanisms that foster creativity and diffusion. Accordingly, this study redefines innovation not merely as an economic or technological category but as a socio-cognitive construct with explicit relevance for science, technology, and innovation policy.

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