ICT and Income Inequality in Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD. student in Public Sector Economics, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran

2 M.A. student in industrial management, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran

3 M.A. in industrial management, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to examine causality between ICT indicators and income inequality in Iran during the period 1994-2013. In other words, does the information and communication technologies, increasing income inequality in Iran or vice versa, income inequality is causality the availability of information and communication technology? And is there a feedback between them? To analyze, we use annual time series including unit root test and two methods: casual bounds test approaches based on unrestricted error correction model (UECM) (Pesaran et al. (2001)) as well as Toda and Yamamoto's Granger non-causality test (1995). Findings show a one-way causality from income inequality to all ICT indicators. This means that income inequality in the country will lead to the expansion of the digital divide.
 
 




Keywords

References

[1] http://www.itu.int/ict/statistics
[2] Bohman, H. 2008. "Income distribution and the diffusion of networks: An empirical study of Brazilian telecommunications". Telecommunications Policy. 32(9). 600-14.
[3] Noh, Y. H., & Yoo, K. 2008. "Internet, inequality and growth". Journal of Policy Modeling. 30(6). 1005-16.
[4] Vivarelli, M. 2007. "Innovation and employment: A survey". Institute for the Study of Labor. Italy.
[5] Krueger, A. 1993. "How Computers have Changed the Wage Structure: Evidence from Micro Data: 1984-1989". Economics. 108. pp 33-60.
[6] Acemoglu, D. 2002. "Technical Change, Inequality and the Labor Market". Journal of Economic Literature. 40(1). pp 7-72.
[7] Martin, S. P. & Robinson, J. P. 2004. "The Income Digital Divide". An International Perspective, IT & Society. 1(7). pp 1-20.
[8] Lloyd-Ellis, H. 1999. "Endogenous Technological Change and Wage Inequality". American Economic Review. 89(1). pp 47-77.
[9] Shelhofer, H. & Husing, T. 2002. "The Digital Divide Index–A Measure of Social Inequalities in the Adoption of ICT". Empirica GmbH. D-53225 Bonn, Oxfordstr.
[10] Pohjola, M. 2002. The new economy in growth and development. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 18(3). 380-396.
[11] Chain, M. D. & Fairlie, R. W. 2004. "The Determinants of the Global Divide: A Cross-Country Analysis of Computer and Internet Penetration". NBER Working Paper. No. 10686.
[12] Dewn, S. & Riggins, F. G. 2005. "The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions". Journal of the Association for Information System. 6(12). pp 1-53.
[13] Jorgenson, D. W. & Stiroh, K. J. 1999. "Information Technology and Growth". American Economic Review. 89(2). pp 109-15.
[14] Wells, R. 2005. "Education’s Effect on Income Inequality: A Further Look". Paper Prepared for International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 (RC28) on Social Stratification and Mobility Los Angeles Meeting. August. pp 18-21. Also See: www.ccpr.ucla.edu.
[15] Wang, W. C. 2009. Information economy and inequality: Wage polarization, unemployment, and occupation transition in Taiwan since 1980. Journal of Asian Economics. 20(2). 120-36.
]16[ مرادی، محمدعلی؛ کبرئایی، میثم و گنجی، مهسا. 1391. "اثر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات بر رشد اقتصادی کشورهای منتخب". فصلنامه اقتصاد و تجارت نوین. شماره‌های 29 و 30. صص 108-79.
]17[ سپهردوست، حمید و خدایی، حسین. 1388. "اثر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات بر اشتغال کشورهای منتخب سازمان همکاری اسلامی". فصلنامه اقتصاد و تجارت نوین. شماره‌های 19 و 20. صص 35-17.
]18[ فلاحی، فیروز؛ سجودی، سکینه و ممی‌پور، سیاب. 1391. "بررسی تأثیر تکنولوژی اطلاعات و ارتباطات (ICT) بر کیفیت محیط زیست ایران". فصلنامه اقتصاد محیط زیست و انرژی. شماره 2. صص 171-149.
]19[ گلخندان، ابوالقاسم؛ گلخندان، داود و خوانساری، مجتبی. 1392. "آیا جهانی‌شدن منجر به نابرابری درآمد می‌شود؟ مطالعه موردی اقتصاد ایران با معرفی شاخص جدید و جامع جهانی‌شدن KOF". فصلنامه تحقیقات توسعه اقتصادی. شماره 14. صص 130-99.
]20[ عیسی‌زاده روشن، یوسف و چراغی، کبری. 1390. "علل شکاف دیجیتالی و درآمدی: مطالعه موردی کشورهای منتخب". پژوهش‌ها و سیاست‌های اقتصادی. شماره 57. صص 216-199.
[21] Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith. R. J. 2001. "Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationship". Journal of Applied Econometrics. 16. pp 289-326.
[22] Banerji, A., Dolado, J., Galbraith, J. W. & Hendry, D. F. 1993. "Cointegration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-stationary Data". Oxford University Press.
[23] Narayan, P. K. & Narayan, S. 2005. "Estimating Income and Price Elasticity of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework. Economic Modelling. 22. pp 423-38.
[24] Alam, M. I. &. Quazy, R. M. 2003. "Determinant of Capital Flight: An Econometric Case Study of Bangladesh". Review of Applied Economics. 17. pp 85-103.
[25] Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto, T. 1995. "Statistical inference in Vector Auto regression with Possibly Integrated Processes". Journal of Econometrics. 66(1). pp 225-50.
[26] Babatunde, M. A. 2008. "A Bound Testing Analysis of Wagner’s Low in Nigeria: 1970-2006". Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
]27 [آرمن، عزیز و زارع، روح‌الله. 1384. "بررسی رابطه علّیت گرنجری بین مصرف انرژی و رشد اقتصادی در ایران طی سال‌های 1381-1346". فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اقتصادی. شماره 24. صص 43-117.
]28[ نوفرستی، محمد. 1389. "ریشه واحد و هم‌جمعی در اقتصادسنجی". انتشارات رسا.
[29] Ang, J. B. 2007. "C  Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France". Energy Policy. 35. pp 4772-8.
]30 [مولایی، محمد و گلخندان، ابوالقاسم. 1392. "اثرات بلندمدت و کوتاه‌مدت کسری بودجه بر رشد اقتصادی ایران (با درنظر گرفتن متغیر بدهی‌های خارجی". فصلنامه راهبرد اقتصادی. سال دوم. شماره 5. صص 115-95.
[31] Ivanov, V. & Kilian, L. 2005. "A Practitioner’s Guide to Lag Order Selection For (VAR) Impulse Response Analysis". Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics &Econometrics. Vol. 9. Issue 1. Article 2.
[32] QMS. 2010. "Eviews 7 user’s guide II". Quantitative Micro Software. LLC, Irvine CA.
[33] Farzanegan, M. R. 2011. "Military Spending and Economic Growth: The Case of Iran". MPRA Paper. No. 35498.
]34[ گجراتی، دامودار. 1389. "مبانی اقتصادسنجی". جلد دوم، ترجمه حمید ابریشمی. انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
 
Journal of Science and Technology Policy
Volume 8, Issue 1
February 2016
Pages 15-26

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics