نقش سطوح آمادگی فناوری در تسهیل انتقال فناوری از دانشگاه به صنعت: چارچوبی برای دانشگاه‌های دولتی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری مدیریت آموزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

10.22034/jstp.2026.12412.2083

چکیده

با وجود رشد تولید علم در دانشگاه‌های دولتی ایران، انتقال فناوری و تجاری‌سازی دستاوردهای پژوهشی همچنان با چالش‌های متعددی مواجه است و فاصله میان دانشگاه و صنعت یکی از موانع اصلی توسعه اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان شناخته می‌شود. سطوح آمادگی فناوری (TRL) که نخست توسط ناسا برای ارزیابی بلوغ فنی یک فناوری مشخص توسعه یافت، امروزه یکی از شناخته‌شده‌ترین ابزارهای مدیریت فناوری در ارزیابی آمادگی، کاهش ریسک و هدایت تصمیم‌های سرمایه‌گذاری است؛ با این حال، ظرفیت آن برای بهبود فرایند نهادیِ انتقال فناوری در دانشگاه‌های دولتی ایران، به‌ویژه با شواهد مشخص از این بافت، کمتر بررسی شده است. این پژوهش با رویکردی کیفی، کاربردی و اکتشافی و مبتنی بر مرور ساختاریافته و هدفمند پیشینه (با گزارش‌دهی بر پایه چارچوب PRISMA 2020)، نخست یک مدل فرایندی مستقل از TRL برای انتقال فناوری دانشگاه به صنعت ارائه و سپس نشان می‌دهد TRL -به‌عنوان مقیاس بلوغ فنیِ یک فناوری یا پروژه فناورانه مشخص، نه کل فرایند انتقال- در کدام نقاط این فرایند می‌تواند به تصمیم‌گیری کمک کند. با تحلیل تطبیقی میان ادبیات بین‌المللی TRL و شواهد داخلی درباره موانع انتقال فناوری، هر مؤلفه چارچوب پیشنهادی به‌صراحت به شواهد ادبیات، سنتز مفهومی نویسندگان یا پیشنهاد سیاستی نسبت داده شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد TRL، به‌شرط تعریف روشن واحد تحلیل، حاکمیت شفاف فرایند سنجش، و کاربرد هم‌زمان با شاخص‌های مکمل آمادگی تجاری‌سازی، می‌تواند نقش یک زبان ارتباطی و ابزار تصمیم را در محدوده «دره مرگ» (عملیاتی‌شده به‌عنوان TRL چهار تا شش) میان دانشگاه و صنعت ایفا کند. این چارچوب، پیشنهادی مفهومی و متکی بر شواهد غیرمستقیم و مطالعات موردی محدود داخلی است، نه یافته‌ای آزموده‌شده در میدان؛ اعتبارسنجی تجربی آن در دانشگاه‌های دولتی مشخص، ضرورت پژوهش آتی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) in Facilitating Technology Transfer from University to Industry: A Framework for Iran's Public Universities

نویسندگان [English]

  • Pouriya Sardasht 1
  • Mohammad Ghahremani 2
1 PhD in Educational Management, Educational Sciences Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Educational Sciences Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Despite the significant growth in scientific output at Iranian public universities, technology transfer and the commercialization of research outputs continue to face numerous challenges. The gap between university and industry is recognized as one of the main barriers to the development of a knowledge‑based economy. Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), originally developed by NASA to assess the technical maturity of a specific technology, are today one of the most widely recognized technology management tools for readiness assessment, risk reduction, and investment decision‑making. However, its capacity to improve the institutional process of technology transfer in Iranian public universities—particularly with context‑specific empirical evidence—has received limited attention.This qualitative, applied, and exploratory study draws on a structured and purposive literature review (reported following the PRISMA 2020 framework). It first presents a process model of university‑to‑industry technology transfer that is independent of TRL, and then identifies at which points in this process TRL—as a measure of the technical maturity of a specific technology or technological project, not of the entire transfer process—can inform decision‑making. Through a comparative analysis of the international TRL literature and domestic evidence on technology transfer barriers, each component of the proposed framework is explicitly attributed either to literature evidence, conceptual synthesis by the authors, or policy recommendation.The findings suggest that TRL, provided there is a clear definition of the unit of analysis, transparent governance of the assessment process, and concurrent use with complementary commercialization‑readiness indicators, can serve as a shared language and decision‑making tool within the "Valley of Death" (operationalized in this study as TRL 4–6) between university and industry. This framework is a conceptual proposal grounded in indirect evidence and limited domestic case studies, rather than an empirically tested finding; its validation through empirical research in specific public universities is a necessary direction for future study.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
  • Technology Transfer
  • Commercialization
  • University-Industry
  • Iran's Public Universities

مراجع

[1] Saberi Kohan, Sh., Kasraei, A. R., & Sohrabi, T. (2024). Environmental Components on Technology Transfer from University to Industry: Systematic Review and Meta-synthesis. Journal of Executive Management, 16(32), 261–307. https://doi.org/10.22080/jem.2025.27608.3948 (In Persian)
[2] Kumar, U & Khorakian, A. (2010). Technology Transfer From University to Industry in Iran. Proceedings of the VIII Triple Helix Conference, Madrid, Oct. 2010. http://www.leydesdorff.net/th8/TRIPLE%20HELIX%20-%20VIII%20CONFERENCE/PROCEEDINGS/0056_Khorakian_Alireza_ST-11/Full%20Paper.pdf
[3] López Mendoza, X. P., & Mauricio Sanchez, D. S. (2018). A Systematic Literature Review on Technology Transfer From University to Industry. International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 12(2), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBSR.2018.090699
[4] WAITRO (World Association of Industrial and Technological Research Organizations). (2026). What Is the Valley of Death in Research Commercialization? WAITRO. https://waitro.org/blog/what-is-the-valley-of-death-in-research-commercialization/
[5] Héder, M. (2017). From NASA to EU: The Evolution of the TRL Scale in Public Sector Innovation. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 22(2), 1–23. URI: https://eprints.sztaki.hu/id/eprint/9204
[6] Nowzari, M., & Asadifard, R. (2021). Factors Affecting Capacity Building for Technology Transfer From University to Industry: The Case of Sharif Innovation District. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 14(3), 37–54.. https://doi.org/10.22034/jstp.2021.14.3.1331 (In Persian)
[7] Mankins, J. C. (1995, edited 2004). Technology Readiness Levels: A White Paper. Advanced Concepts Office, Office of Space Access and Technology, NASA. http://www.artemisinnovation.com/images/TRL_White_Paper_2004-Edited.pdf
[8] EARTO (European Association of Research and Technology Organisations). (2014). The TRL Scale as a Research & Innovation Policy Tool: EARTO Recommendations. EARTO, Brussels. http://www.earto.eu/fileadmin/content/03_Publications/The_TRL_Scale_as_a_R_I_Policy_Tool_-_EARTO_Recommendations_-_Final.pdf
[9] Engel, D. W., Dalton, A. C., Anderson, K. K., Sivaramakrishnan, C., & Lansing, C. (2012). Development of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Metrics and Risk Measures. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States. https://doi.org/10.2172/1067968
[10] Kalantari, E., & Charkhtab Moghadam, J. (2015). Identification and Ranking of Industry and Technology Considerations in the Transfer of Advanced Technologies at Various Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Industrial Management Journal, 7(1), 107–121.. https://doi.org/10.22059/imj.2015.52895 (In Persian)
[11] Paun, F. (2011). "Demand Readiness Level" (DRL), a New Tool to Hybridize Market Pull and Technology Push Approaches: Introspective Analysis of the New Trends in Technology Transfer Practices. Working Papers halshs-00628978, HAL. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1948448
[12] Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). (2014). Commercial Readiness Index for Renewable Energy Sectors. Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). https://arena.gov.au/assets/2014/02/Commercial-Readiness-Index.pdf
[13] Animah, I., & Shafiee, M. (2018). A Framework for Assessment of Technological Readiness Level (TRL) and Commercial Readiness Index (CRI) of Asset End-of-Life Strategies. In Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World (pp. 1767–1773). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351174664-221
[14] Verreynne, M.-L., Torres de Oliveira, R., Cao, Z., Nguyen, T., & Feast, G. (2025). University–Business Collaboration: A Collaboration Readiness Index And Scale. Research Policy, 54(8), 105273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2025.105273 [15] AFCEA International. (2023). Valley Of Death Phase Is Necessary. SIGNAL Media. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/technology/valley-death-phase-necessary
[16] Rocha, A., Cruz-Cunha, M. M., & Romero, F. (2023). University Technology Transfer: Assessment of Invention Disclosures by Technology Transfer Offices. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 27(1/2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2023.129328
[17] Townes, M. S. (2025). The Role of Technology Maturity Level in the Occurrence of University Technology Transfer. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16(2), 10685–10757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132‑024‑02171‑w
[18 Lavoie, J. R., & Daim, T. U. (2018). Technology Readiness Levels Enhancing R&D Management and Technology Transfer Capabilities: Insights From a Public Utility in Northwest USA. International Journal of Transitions and Innovation Systems, 6(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTIS.2018.090776
[19] Forouhar, M., Forouhar, M., Gholami, S., & Arghish, O. (2016). Identify and Rank the Barriers to Technology Transfer: Analytic Hierarchy Process. Modern Applied Science, 10(9), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n9p142
[20] Hejazi, S. R., & Hosseini, P. M. (2014). Environmental Barriers to Transfer and Commercialize Nanomedicine Research Results in Iran: A Qualitative Research. Payavard Salamat, 8(2), 154–168. http://payavard.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5427-en.html (In Persian)
[21] Chehrehpak, M., Alizadeh, A., & Nazari-Shirkouhi, S. (2018). An Empirical Study on Factors Influencing Technology Transfer Using Structural Equation Modelling. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 23(3), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPQM.2018.089801
[22] Narimani, A. R., & Vaezi, R. (2017). Identify Factors To The Commercialization Of Research In Knowledge Of Public Administration. Journal of Public Administration, 9(2), 235–262. https://doi.org/10.22059/jipa.2017.236485.2047 (In Persian)
[23] Safari, S. (2019). Measuring, Evaluating and Explaining the Drivers and Barriers of Science and Technology Commercialization at University (Case Study: Shahed University). Scientometrics Research Journal, 5(10), 89–124. https://doi.org/10.22070/rsci.2019.3686.1228 (In Persian)
[24] Mohammadi, M., Bagheri-Moghaddam, N., & Shojaei Charmineh, A. (2017). Analysis of Learning and Innovation Styles in Developing Countries (Case Study: Iran's ICT Sector). Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 10(1), 53–68. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20080840.1396.10.1.4.3 (In Persian)
[25] Daliri, H. (2025). AI Revolution and Triple Helix Dynamics in Economy. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 17(4), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.22034/jstp.2025.11860.1845 (In Persian)
[26] UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2016). Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Review: Islamic Republic of Iran. United Nations, Geneva. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/dtlstict20163_en.pdf
[27] Entezari Kashani, H., Fartash, K., & Khayatian, M. S. (2025). From High-Tech To Mastering Technical Know-How: Evolution Of The Knowledge-Based Firm Concept In The Implementation Process Of The Law For Supporting Knowledge-Based Firms. Journal of Improvement Management, 19(2), 44–71. https://doi.org/10.22034/jmi.2025.517203.3198 (In Persian)
[28] Ershadi, M. J., Qhanadi Taghizadeh, O., & Hadji Molana, S. M. (2021). Selection and Performance Estimation of Green Lean Six Sigma Projects: A Hybrid Approach of Technology Readiness Level, Data Envelopment Analysis, and ANFIS. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(23), 29394–29411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12595-5 (In Persian)
[29] Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M. L., & Hanson, W. E. (2003). Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research (pp. 209–240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. http://rszarf.ips.uw.edu.pl/ewalps/teksty/creswell.pdf
[30] Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
[31] Padilla Bejarano, J. B., Zartha Sossa, J. W., Ocampo-Lopez, C., & Ramirez-Carmona, M. (2023). University Technology Transfer From a Knowledge-Flow Approach—Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 15(8), 6550. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086550
[32] Bejarano, J. B. P., Sossa, J. W. Z., Ocampo-López, C., & Ramírez-Carmona, M. (2023). Open Innovation: A Technology Transfer Alternative From Universities: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and
 
Complexity, 9(3), 100090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100090
[33] Cohen, M., Fernandes, G., & Godinho, P. (2025). Measuring the Impacts of University-Industry R&D Collaborations: A Systematic Literature Review. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 50(1), 345–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-024-10114-5
[1] Saberi Kohan, Sh., Kasraei, A. R., & Sohrabi, T. (2024). Environmental Components on Technology Transfer from University to Industry: Systematic Review and Meta-synthesis. Journal of Executive Management, 16(32), 261–307. https://doi.org/10.22080/jem.2025.27608.3948 (In Persian)
[2] Kumar, U & Khorakian, A. (2010). Technology Transfer From University to Industry in Iran. Proceedings of the VIII Triple Helix Conference, Madrid, Oct. 2010. http://www.leydesdorff.net/th8/TRIPLE%20HELIX%20-%20VIII%20CONFERENCE/PROCEEDINGS/0056_Khorakian_Alireza_ST-11/Full%20Paper.pdf
[3] López Mendoza, X. P., & Mauricio Sanchez, D. S. (2018). A Systematic Literature Review on Technology Transfer From University to Industry. International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 12(2), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBSR.2018.090699
[4] WAITRO (World Association of Industrial and Technological Research Organizations). (2026). What Is the Valley of Death in Research Commercialization? WAITRO. https://waitro.org/blog/what-is-the-valley-of-death-in-research-commercialization/
[5] Héder, M. (2017). From NASA to EU: The Evolution of the TRL Scale in Public Sector Innovation. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 22(2), 1–23. URI: https://eprints.sztaki.hu/id/eprint/9204
[6] Nowzari, M., & Asadifard, R. (2021). Factors Affecting Capacity Building for Technology Transfer From University to Industry: The Case of Sharif Innovation District. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 14(3), 37–54.. https://doi.org/10.22034/jstp.2021.14.3.1331 (In Persian)
[7] Mankins, J. C. (1995, edited 2004). Technology Readiness Levels: A White Paper. Advanced Concepts Office, Office of Space Access and Technology, NASA. http://www.artemisinnovation.com/images/TRL_White_Paper_2004-Edited.pdf
[8] EARTO (European Association of Research and Technology Organisations). (2014). The TRL Scale as a Research & Innovation Policy Tool: EARTO Recommendations. EARTO, Brussels. http://www.earto.eu/fileadmin/content/03_Publications/The_TRL_Scale_as_a_R_I_Policy_Tool_-_EARTO_Recommendations_-_Final.pdf
[9] Engel, D. W., Dalton, A. C., Anderson, K. K., Sivaramakrishnan, C., & Lansing, C. (2012). Development of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Metrics and Risk Measures. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States. https://doi.org/10.2172/1067968
[10] Kalantari, E., & Charkhtab Moghadam, J. (2015). Identification and Ranking of Industry and Technology Considerations in the Transfer of Advanced Technologies at Various Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Industrial Management Journal, 7(1), 107–121.. https://doi.org/10.22059/imj.2015.52895 (In Persian)
[11] Paun, F. (2011). "Demand Readiness Level" (DRL), a New Tool to Hybridize Market Pull and Technology Push Approaches: Introspective Analysis of the New Trends in Technology Transfer Practices. Working Papers halshs-00628978, HAL. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1948448
[12] Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). (2014). Commercial Readiness Index for Renewable Energy Sectors. Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). https://arena.gov.au/assets/2014/02/Commercial-Readiness-Index.pdf
[13] Animah, I., & Shafiee, M. (2018). A Framework for Assessment of Technological Readiness Level (TRL) and Commercial Readiness Index (CRI) of Asset End-of-Life Strategies. In Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World (pp. 1767–1773). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351174664-221
[14] Verreynne, M.-L., Torres de Oliveira, R., Cao, Z., Nguyen, T., & Feast, G. (2025). University–Business Collaboration: A Collaboration Readiness Index And Scale. Research Policy, 54(8), 105273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2025.105273 [15] AFCEA International. (2023). Valley Of Death Phase Is Necessary. SIGNAL Media. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/technology/valley-death-phase-necessary
[16] Rocha, A., Cruz-Cunha, M. M., & Romero, F. (2023). University Technology Transfer: Assessment of Invention Disclosures by Technology Transfer Offices. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 27(1/2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2023.129328
[17] Townes, M. S. (2025). The Role of Technology Maturity Level in the Occurrence of University Technology Transfer. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16(2), 10685–10757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132‑024‑02171‑w
[18 Lavoie, J. R., & Daim, T. U. (2018). Technology Readiness Levels Enhancing R&D Management and Technology Transfer Capabilities: Insights From a Public Utility in Northwest USA. International Journal of Transitions and Innovation Systems, 6(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTIS.2018.090776
[19] Forouhar, M., Forouhar, M., Gholami, S., & Arghish, O. (2016). Identify and Rank the Barriers to Technology Transfer: Analytic Hierarchy Process. Modern Applied Science, 10(9), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n9p142
[20] Hejazi, S. R., & Hosseini, P. M. (2014). Environmental Barriers to Transfer and Commercialize Nanomedicine Research Results in Iran: A Qualitative Research. Payavard Salamat, 8(2), 154–168. http://payavard.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5427-en.html (In Persian)
[21] Chehrehpak, M., Alizadeh, A., & Nazari-Shirkouhi, S. (2018). An Empirical Study on Factors Influencing Technology Transfer Using Structural Equation Modelling. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 23(3), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPQM.2018.089801
[22] Narimani, A. R., & Vaezi, R. (2017). Identify Factors To The Commercialization Of Research In Knowledge Of Public Administration. Journal of Public Administration, 9(2), 235–262. https://doi.org/10.22059/jipa.2017.236485.2047 (In Persian)
[23] Safari, S. (2019). Measuring, Evaluating and Explaining the Drivers and Barriers of Science and Technology Commercialization at University (Case Study: Shahed University). Scientometrics Research Journal, 5(10), 89–124. https://doi.org/10.22070/rsci.2019.3686.1228 (In Persian)
[24] Mohammadi, M., Bagheri-Moghaddam, N., & Shojaei Charmineh, A. (2017). Analysis of Learning and Innovation Styles in Developing Countries (Case Study: Iran's ICT Sector). Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 10(1), 53–68. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20080840.1396.10.1.4.3 (In Persian)
[25] Daliri, H. (2025). AI Revolution and Triple Helix Dynamics in Economy. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 17(4), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.22034/jstp.2025.11860.1845 (In Persian)
[26] UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2016). Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Review: Islamic Republic of Iran. United Nations, Geneva. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/dtlstict20163_en.pdf
[27] Entezari Kashani, H., Fartash, K., & Khayatian, M. S. (2025). From High-Tech To Mastering Technical Know-How: Evolution Of The Knowledge-Based Firm Concept In The Implementation Process Of The Law For Supporting Knowledge-Based Firms. Journal of Improvement Management, 19(2), 44–71. https://doi.org/10.22034/jmi.2025.517203.3198 (In Persian)
[28] Ershadi, M. J., Qhanadi Taghizadeh, O., & Hadji Molana, S. M. (2021). Selection and Performance Estimation of Green Lean Six Sigma Projects: A Hybrid Approach of Technology Readiness Level, Data Envelopment Analysis, and ANFIS. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(23), 29394–29411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12595-5 (In Persian)
[29] Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M. L., & Hanson, W. E. (2003). Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research (pp. 209–240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. http://rszarf.ips.uw.edu.pl/ewalps/teksty/creswell.pdf
[30] Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
[31] Padilla Bejarano, J. B., Zartha Sossa, J. W., Ocampo-Lopez, C., & Ramirez-Carmona, M. (2023). University Technology Transfer From a Knowledge-Flow Approach—Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 15(8), 6550. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086550
[32] Bejarano, J. B. P., Sossa, J. W. Z., Ocampo-López, C., & Ramírez-Carmona, M. (2023). Open Innovation: A Technology Transfer Alternative From Universities: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and
 
Complexity, 9(3), 100090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100090
[33] Cohen, M., Fernandes, G., & Godinho, P. (2025). Measuring the Impacts of University-Industry R&D Collaborations: A Systematic Literature Review. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 50(1), 345–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-024-10114-5

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