Iranian Association for Management of Technology Journal of Science and Technology Policy 20080840 17 2 2024 10 26 we can we can 1 2 14067 10.22034/jstp.2024.14067 FA Sepehr Ghazinoory Tarbiat Modares University Journal Article 1970 01 01 With the start of the new government, let's mention the performance of the country's technology policy officials in the previous government, which smelled of repeating the same mistakes: the path that was followed in the past years with the goal of technological self-sufficiency and with the slogan "we can" and a special fruit for our people. did not bring Theoretically, not only us, all the nations of the world can achieve any technology they want by spending enough time and money, but the question is when and at what cost? Let's not forget the bitter memory of the corona vaccine: the same people who first signed a petition to stop the import of foreign vaccines, when they gained power in the executive branch, abandoned those slogans and boasted about importing the vaccine. Who paid the financial and life costs of this contradiction and who is responsible for it now? When your country has almost one percent of the world's population, market, and resources, how can you compete with global networks that own the other 99 percent (and even your own market)? Does common sense allow such permission? The objection may immediately be raised that what is the meaning of technology policy at all if we are going to leave everything to imports and the market? And we immediately answer that by the way, technology policy means positioning yourself in the global value chain of any product, and trying to capture possible points of these chains that have higher added value. Otherwise, the idea that we can create a new and independent value chain for each of the technological products that can compete with global chains is far-fetched and even delusional. The analyzes conducted by others on our defense products have also shown that we have used various parts made by other countries, but we have been able to meet our technological needs. The same view should be taken on other products. The rules of economics, like the rules of other sciences (such as the law of gravity in physics), will impose themselves on us, even if we wish and have an illusion otherwise. With the start of the new government, let's mention the performance of the country's technology policy officials in the previous government, which smelled of repeating the same mistakes: the path that was followed in the past years with the goal of technological self-sufficiency and with the slogan "we can" and a special fruit for our people. did not bring Theoretically, not only us, all the nations of the world can achieve any technology they want by spending enough time and money, but the question is when and at what cost? Let's not forget the bitter memory of the corona vaccine: the same people who first signed a petition to stop the import of foreign vaccines, when they gained power in the executive branch, abandoned those slogans and boasted about importing the vaccine. Who paid the financial and life costs of this contradiction and who is responsible for it now? When your country has almost one percent of the world's population, market, and resources, how can you compete with global networks that own the other 99 percent (and even your own market)? Does common sense allow such permission? The objection may immediately be raised that what is the meaning of technology policy at all if we are going to leave everything to imports and the market? And we immediately answer that by the way, technology policy means positioning yourself in the global value chain of any product, and trying to capture possible points of these chains that have higher added value. Otherwise, the idea that we can create a new and independent value chain for each of the technological products that can compete with global chains is far-fetched and even delusional. The analyzes conducted by others on our defense products have also shown that we have used various parts made by other countries, but we have been able to meet our technological needs. The same view should be taken on other products. The rules of economics, like the rules of other sciences (such as the law of gravity in physics), will impose themselves on us, even if we wish and have an illusion otherwise.

https://jstp.nrisp.ac.ir/article_14067_4952cb876e302544f5767e7a28c38dd8.pdf

Iranian Association for Management of Technology Journal of Science and Technology Policy 20080840 17 2 2024 06 21 The Components of Design Science Research for IT-based Products: A Systematic Review with Meta-Synthesis Approach The Components of Design Science Research for IT-based Products: A Systematic Review with Meta-Synthesis Approach 1 16 14068 10.22034/jstp.2024.11616.1760 FA Elaheh Baghani Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Information Technology Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Shaban Elahi Professor, Department of Management, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran Alireza Hasanzadeh Professor, Department of Information Technology Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Ali Rajabzadeh Ghatari Professor, Department of Industrial Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8470-3568 Journal Article 2024 06 20 Design Science Research (DSR) has become one of the key methodologies in information technology research due to its ability to bridge practical and theoretical gaps. Given the increasing importance of developing IT-based products, especially with the emergence of AI-driven products in recent years, this study aims to identify the key components of using DSR in the design of IT artifacts. The primary objective of this research is to provide comprehensive components for the stages of designing IT-based products using DSR.This research is applied in terms of its purpose and employs a meta-synthesis approach for data collection. By searching reputable databases such as Web of Science and Scopus, 24 articles published between 2019 and 2024 were identified and analyzed as credible sources.The review of selected articles led to the identification of four main components: 1) Design Science Research Methods: including methods such as the Hevner Cycle Model, Process Model, and Action Research Methods used in the development and evaluation of products. 2) Artifacts: including models, software, and design theories produced as research outputs. 3) Evaluation Methods: including quantitative and qualitative methods such as usability tests and interviews used to assess the effectiveness of artifacts. 4) Tools: including data analysis software and modeling tools employed in the research process. DSR, due to its comprehensiveness and flexibility, is an effective tool for designing IT artifacts. This study provides an integrated framework for selecting and using appropriate methods and tools, helping researchers and professionals to improve the quality and efficiency of design processes and promote innovation in the development of IT products. Furthermore, this study highlights the need for more attention to the development of innovative theories and tools for evaluating IT artifacts. Design Science Research (DSR) has become one of the key methodologies in information technology research due to its ability to bridge practical and theoretical gaps. Given the increasing importance of developing IT-based products, especially with the emergence of AI-driven products in recent years, this study aims to identify the key components of using DSR in the design of IT artifacts. The primary objective of this research is to provide comprehensive components for the stages of designing IT-based products using DSR.This research is applied in terms of its purpose and employs a meta-synthesis approach for data collection. By searching reputable databases such as Web of Science and Scopus, 24 articles published between 2019 and 2024 were identified and analyzed as credible sources.The review of selected articles led to the identification of four main components: 1) Design Science Research Methods: including methods such as the Hevner Cycle Model, Process Model, and Action Research Methods used in the development and evaluation of products. 2) Artifacts: including models, software, and design theories produced as research outputs. 3) Evaluation Methods: including quantitative and qualitative methods such as usability tests and interviews used to assess the effectiveness of artifacts. 4) Tools: including data analysis software and modeling tools employed in the research process. DSR, due to its comprehensiveness and flexibility, is an effective tool for designing IT artifacts. This study provides an integrated framework for selecting and using appropriate methods and tools, helping researchers and professionals to improve the quality and efficiency of design processes and promote innovation in the development of IT products. Furthermore, this study highlights the need for more attention to the development of innovative theories and tools for evaluating IT artifacts.

https://jstp.nrisp.ac.ir/article_14068_af3697d94f19e28f1786e0b843483ab9.pdf

Iranian Association for Management of Technology Journal of Science and Technology Policy 20080840 17 2 2024 06 21 The Functions of Innovation Intermediaries in the Process of Inter-firm Technological Collaborations The Functions of Innovation Intermediaries in the Process of Inter-firm Technological Collaborations 17 31 14072 10.22034/jstp.2024.11678.1791 FA Arman Khaledi Assistant professor, Innovation Policy and foresight, Technology Studies Institute, Tehran. Iran Reza Asadifard Assistant professor, Innovation Policy and foresight, Technology Studies Institute, Tehran. Iran Reza Mirzaei Douraki Researcher, Innovation Policy and foresight, Technology Studies Institute, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 09 09 Inter-firm technological collaborations, particularly between large industrial enterprises and small technology firms, are essential for fostering innovation and achieving a knowledge-based economy. However, such collaborations often encounter challenges that necessitate the involvement of innovation intermediaries. Given the significant role of exchange intermediaries in the innovation system, identifying their expected functions for enhancing technological collaborations, especially considering contextual characteristics (such as the conditions of developing countries like Iran), will be beneficial. This study aims to extract and categorize the functions of innovation intermediaries specifically focused on inter-firm technological collaborations. The research adopts a qualitative approach, conducting interviews with 29 experts and practitioners in the field of innovation intermediation in the country. The interview transcripts were analyzed and coded using thematic analysis, ultimately resulting in a set of functions for innovation intermediaries. The identified functions were categorized into eight main groups based on various aspects of the inter-firm technological collaboration process: "demand stimulation", "need identification and demand articulation", "assessing the reality and importance of the client's need", "designing and managing large and complex projects", "selecting appropriate technology and partners", "managing collaboration and interactions between parties", "technology performance validation" and "market development assistance." This study highlights functions that have received less attention in previous research, particularly those under the categories of "assessing the reality and importance of the client's need" and "designing and managing large and complex projects." Inter-firm technological collaborations, particularly between large industrial enterprises and small technology firms, are essential for fostering innovation and achieving a knowledge-based economy. However, such collaborations often encounter challenges that necessitate the involvement of innovation intermediaries. Given the significant role of exchange intermediaries in the innovation system, identifying their expected functions for enhancing technological collaborations, especially considering contextual characteristics (such as the conditions of developing countries like Iran), will be beneficial. This study aims to extract and categorize the functions of innovation intermediaries specifically focused on inter-firm technological collaborations. The research adopts a qualitative approach, conducting interviews with 29 experts and practitioners in the field of innovation intermediation in the country. The interview transcripts were analyzed and coded using thematic analysis, ultimately resulting in a set of functions for innovation intermediaries. The identified functions were categorized into eight main groups based on various aspects of the inter-firm technological collaboration process: "demand stimulation", "need identification and demand articulation", "assessing the reality and importance of the client's need", "designing and managing large and complex projects", "selecting appropriate technology and partners", "managing collaboration and interactions between parties", "technology performance validation" and "market development assistance." This study highlights functions that have received less attention in previous research, particularly those under the categories of "assessing the reality and importance of the client's need" and "designing and managing large and complex projects."

https://jstp.nrisp.ac.ir/article_14072_9bb290b67a7c2fb3a0b17ec422171cf0.pdf

Iranian Association for Management of Technology Journal of Science and Technology Policy 20080840 17 2 2024 06 21 A comparative-historical analysis of the industrial policies of Iran and Japan in the post-World War II period A comparative-historical analysis of the industrial policies of Iran and Japan in the post-World War II period 33 50 14075 10.22034/jstp.2024.11750.1804 FA Mohsen Mohammadi Eivanekei Ph.D. of Economics, University of Tehran, Tehran. Iran Somayeh Nematollahi Assistant Professor, Institute For Trade Studies and Research, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 03 This study examines the path of industrialization and the factors affecting industrial development in the two countries of Iran and Japan. Although Iran had a successful performance in the field of industrial development in the 1960s, like Japan, it could not continue this path. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the performance of industrial policy in Iran and Japan and to answer the question of what differences have there been in the design and implementation of industrial policies in Iran and Japan that can explain the different performance of Iran and Japan. In the first step, while reviewing the existing literature on industrial policy, this research has proposed the commonalities and differences of approaches in these four important areas: Bureaucratic structure, institutional environment and organizational capabilities; sectoral policies and targeted industries; support tools and how to generate them; and the interaction between the state and the private sector. In the next step, using the comparative-historical approach, the performance of Iran and Japan in these four areas is planned. The studied period for Japan is 45 years after the Second World War and for Iran, from the beginning of the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to the end of the fifth development plan. The results of this survey have revealed these differences between Iran and Japan: Fluctuating domestic political environment, turbulent international relations, low quality of bureaucracy and lack of formation of a pilot agency, lack of long-term strategy in targeting and choosing industries, limited support tools and lack of ability to produce them and finally, the centrality of the public sector. This study examines the path of industrialization and the factors affecting industrial development in the two countries of Iran and Japan. Although Iran had a successful performance in the field of industrial development in the 1960s, like Japan, it could not continue this path. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the performance of industrial policy in Iran and Japan and to answer the question of what differences have there been in the design and implementation of industrial policies in Iran and Japan that can explain the different performance of Iran and Japan. In the first step, while reviewing the existing literature on industrial policy, this research has proposed the commonalities and differences of approaches in these four important areas: Bureaucratic structure, institutional environment and organizational capabilities; sectoral policies and targeted industries; support tools and how to generate them; and the interaction between the state and the private sector. In the next step, using the comparative-historical approach, the performance of Iran and Japan in these four areas is planned. The studied period for Japan is 45 years after the Second World War and for Iran, from the beginning of the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to the end of the fifth development plan. The results of this survey have revealed these differences between Iran and Japan: Fluctuating domestic political environment, turbulent international relations, low quality of bureaucracy and lack of formation of a pilot agency, lack of long-term strategy in targeting and choosing industries, limited support tools and lack of ability to produce them and finally, the centrality of the public sector.

https://jstp.nrisp.ac.ir/article_14075_851de404ca9dce1596905d15b9cc2d35.pdf

Iranian Association for Management of Technology Journal of Science and Technology Policy 20080840 17 2 2024 06 21 Evaluation of the research program intervention mechanism r of Tehran University faculty members Evaluation of the research program intervention mechanism r of Tehran University faculty members 51 68 14076 10.22034/jstp.2024.11665.1787 FA Reza Abiri Imam Sadiq University (AS) Growth Center, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Mojtaba Emami Associate Professor, Department of Public Policy, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Management, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-6762-4932 Journal Article 2024 08 27 In a situation where the research credits of the universities do not provide enough for the various faculty research activities and the lack of resources is a constant limitation, the optimal and targeted allocation of the available credits has become doubly important. In addition to these credit allocation mechanisms, it plays a unique role in transferring external expectations and demands from the institution of science and is one of the most effective tools for objectifying strategic plans and policies. This research has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the intervention mechanism of the Faculty Grant Program of Tehran University. The required data were collected using face-to-face interviews with program designers and their archival interviews, oral memories and documents related to the program. In the next step, using causal coding process, the content obtained from the previous step was coded. As a result, several causal chains were obtained, which were classified and merged based on their similarity, and the narrative of the program theory change was shaped. The findings of the research indicate that although this program was a step forward and promoted a kind of rationality in the research credit allocation system at the time of its formulation, but now it can be criticized from the point of view that adopting an impartial approach towards the fields and respecting values such as scientific cooperation. In addition, there are many doubts about the effectiveness and efficiency of performance-based allocation systems. Another criticism of the program is the lack of leverage metaphor toward the university's internal resources. In a situation where the research credits of the universities do not provide enough for the various faculty research activities and the lack of resources is a constant limitation, the optimal and targeted allocation of the available credits has become doubly important. In addition to these credit allocation mechanisms, it plays a unique role in transferring external expectations and demands from the institution of science and is one of the most effective tools for objectifying strategic plans and policies. This research has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the intervention mechanism of the Faculty Grant Program of Tehran University. The required data were collected using face-to-face interviews with program designers and their archival interviews, oral memories and documents related to the program. In the next step, using causal coding process, the content obtained from the previous step was coded. As a result, several causal chains were obtained, which were classified and merged based on their similarity, and the narrative of the program theory change was shaped. The findings of the research indicate that although this program was a step forward and promoted a kind of rationality in the research credit allocation system at the time of its formulation, but now it can be criticized from the point of view that adopting an impartial approach towards the fields and respecting values such as scientific cooperation. In addition, there are many doubts about the effectiveness and efficiency of performance-based allocation systems. Another criticism of the program is the lack of leverage metaphor toward the university's internal resources.

https://jstp.nrisp.ac.ir/article_14076_985352334debcf19aa5b363d32172626.pdf

Iranian Association for Management of Technology Journal of Science and Technology Policy 20080840 17 2 2024 06 21 Policy Recommendations for the Realization of Intelligent Higher Education in Iran Based on Global Trends Policy Recommendations for the Realization of Intelligent Higher Education in Iran Based on Global Trends 69 88 14077 10.22034/jstp.2024.11659.1784 FA Sajedeh Olyaee MSc. Student of Information Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Gholam Ali Montazer Prof., Department of Information Technology Eng., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-2866-2930 Mohammad Hosseini Moghaddam Assist. Prof. of Future Studies, Institute of Cultural and Social Studies,Tehran,Iran. Journal Article 2024 08 22 Given the rapid acceleration of developments in emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, and its extensive and profound impact on various aspects of social life, including higher education, the need for efficient, comprehensive, and coordinated policies is felt more than ever. This article examines the development trajectory of artificial intelligence technology and analyzes the opportunities and challenges of its use in the field of higher education. Considering the unparalleled opportunities that this technology offers to the educational system, as well as the inherent risks it carries, the necessity for smart and forward-thinking policy-making to improve and enhance Iran's higher education system has been emphasized. In this article, key strategies for formulating and implementing appropriate policies to optimize the use of AI technologies in Iran's higher education are presented. These strategies can serve as a roadmap for educational officials and policymakers in the country, helping to improve the quality, efficiency, and flexibility of the higher education system. The goal of these proposals is to achieve balanced and sustainable development of higher education with a focus on productivity and quality, utilizing the capacities of AI to enhance educational processes and train skilled and specialized human resources. The implementation of these policies can play a key role in facilitating the digital transformation of higher education and strengthening Iran's position on the international stage. Given the rapid acceleration of developments in emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, and its extensive and profound impact on various aspects of social life, including higher education, the need for efficient, comprehensive, and coordinated policies is felt more than ever. This article examines the development trajectory of artificial intelligence technology and analyzes the opportunities and challenges of its use in the field of higher education. Considering the unparalleled opportunities that this technology offers to the educational system, as well as the inherent risks it carries, the necessity for smart and forward-thinking policy-making to improve and enhance Iran's higher education system has been emphasized. In this article, key strategies for formulating and implementing appropriate policies to optimize the use of AI technologies in Iran's higher education are presented. These strategies can serve as a roadmap for educational officials and policymakers in the country, helping to improve the quality, efficiency, and flexibility of the higher education system. The goal of these proposals is to achieve balanced and sustainable development of higher education with a focus on productivity and quality, utilizing the capacities of AI to enhance educational processes and train skilled and specialized human resources. The implementation of these policies can play a key role in facilitating the digital transformation of higher education and strengthening Iran's position on the international stage.

https://jstp.nrisp.ac.ir/article_14077_6fbd52d47ad4e7a9395ec58afea8e6da.pdf

Iranian Association for Management of Technology Journal of Science and Technology Policy 20080840 17 2 2024 06 21 Analysis of the Impact of Economic Freedom Components on University Performance Components Analysis of the Impact of Economic Freedom Components on University Performance Components 89 106 14078 10.22034/jstp.2024.11743.1800 FA Yaghoub Entezari Associate Professor, Institute for Higher Education Research and Planning, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 10 19 According to the theory of human ecological systems (theory of human ecosystems), individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions in a territory, in interaction with each other, form integrated economic, social, cultural, and political systems, which are collectively called the human biome. The performance and level of development of the ecosystem depends on the quantity and quality of its members, and on the quantity and quality of their interaction. The ecosystem and its individual constituent members also interact. The quality of the ecosystem affects the performance of different types of individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions. Openness and freedom are one of the important characteristics of the quality of the ecosystem. It seems that the greater the degree of openness and freedom in the biome, the better the performance of individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions located in it. The university is one of these institutions. Many studies have been conducted on the impact of this institution on its biome. However, the impact of the ecosystem on this institution has received less attention. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to "analyze the impact of economic freedom (as a dimension of the biome) on the performance of universities." For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical approach, documentary method, secondary cross-sectional data in 2024, and structural equation modeling technique were used. The results of the analyses show that most of the determinants of economic freedom in the areas of rule of law, government size, regulatory efficiency, and market openness have a positive impact on university performance in the three areas of national, international and outcomes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the freer and more competitive a country's economy is, the better the universities in it will perform. Therefore, developing countries like Iran, which suffer from the lack of economic freedom, must liberalize and make their economic system more competitive if they want to improve the performance of their universities and knowledge ecosystem. According to the theory of human ecological systems (theory of human ecosystems), individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions in a territory, in interaction with each other, form integrated economic, social, cultural, and political systems, which are collectively called the human biome. The performance and level of development of the ecosystem depends on the quantity and quality of its members, and on the quantity and quality of their interaction. The ecosystem and its individual constituent members also interact. The quality of the ecosystem affects the performance of different types of individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions. Openness and freedom are one of the important characteristics of the quality of the ecosystem. It seems that the greater the degree of openness and freedom in the biome, the better the performance of individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions located in it. The university is one of these institutions. Many studies have been conducted on the impact of this institution on its biome. However, the impact of the ecosystem on this institution has received less attention. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to "analyze the impact of economic freedom (as a dimension of the biome) on the performance of universities." For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical approach, documentary method, secondary cross-sectional data in 2024, and structural equation modeling technique were used. The results of the analyses show that most of the determinants of economic freedom in the areas of rule of law, government size, regulatory efficiency, and market openness have a positive impact on university performance in the three areas of national, international and outcomes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the freer and more competitive a country's economy is, the better the universities in it will perform. Therefore, developing countries like Iran, which suffer from the lack of economic freedom, must liberalize and make their economic system more competitive if they want to improve the performance of their universities and knowledge ecosystem.

https://jstp.nrisp.ac.ir/article_14078_6dd8e44881e501abf5c9639dd18fc253.pdf