دسته‌بندی و انتخاب ابزارهای سیاستی علم، فناوری و نوآوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشجوی دکترای مدیریت فناوری، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران

چکیده

بخش مهمی از فرآیند سیاست‌گذاری علم و فناوری، طراحی و انتخاب ابزارهای سیاستی است. از این رو درک صحیح ماهیت ابزارهای مختلف و منطق مداخله دولت به کمک سازوکار عملکردی آنها از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. این در حالی است که با توجه به تغییرات روزافزون، نوع نگاه به ماهیت و آثار ابزارها دائماً در حال تغییر و لذا نیازمند پایش و بازبینی است. در یک نگاه کلی می‌توان دسته‌بندی ابزارها را تحت سه جریان دسته‌بندی مبتنی بر منطق مداخله، مبتنی بر مخاطب هدف و مبتنی بر سازوکاری که ابزار بر اساس آن مسائل نظام نوآوری را برطرف می‌نماید بررسی نمود. با این منطق، در این مقاله یک دسته‌بندی کلی برای ابزارهای سیاستی شامل چهار دسته ابزارهای متمرکز بر تحریک طرف عرضه، ابزارهای متمرکز بر تحریک طرف تقاضا، ابزارهای متمرکز بر شکل‌گیری روابط نظام‌ساز و ابزارهای متمرکز بر زیرساخت و مقررات‌گذاری معرفی شده است. اگر چه جریان‌های جدیدتر، ابزارها را بر اساس نحوه حل مسائل نظام نوآوری دسته‌بندی و آنها را از این جهت نظام‌ساز می‌دانند، ویژگی دسته‌بندی مقاله حاضر، اصالت بخشیدن به ابزارهای نظام‌ساز به عنوان گونه خاصی از ابزارها است که از آنها جهت ظرفیت‌سازی برای تعاملات و روابط میان بازیگران نظام نوآوری استفاده می‌شود. به عنوان مطالعه موردی، 110 برنامه حمایتی از شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و نتایج مشخص نموده که بخش عمده حمایت‌ها در قالب تأمین مالی مستقیم طرف عرضه بوده و از میان گزینه‌های متنوع ابزارهای نظام‌ساز صرفاً به تعداد کمی از آنها توجه شده است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Classification and Choice of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Instruments

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamed Nasiri
  • Niloufar Radaei
- Ph.D. Candidate in Technology Management, Faculty of Management & Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Design and choice of policy instruments are considered as key factors in STI policy-making process. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the nature of policy instruments and the logic of government intervention in the innovation system, based on these instruments’ mechanisms. In addition, considering ongoing changes in STI policy-making environment, the approaches to the instruments and their effects are evolving and because of that, there is a need to review and revise our point of view. There are three major trends for classification of the instruments based on intervention logic, target groups, and the mechanism through that the instruments solve the problems of innovation systems. Respecting that, a focus-based classification is suggested in this paper which classifies the policy instruments into four main categories consist of instruments focused on stimulating the innovation supply-side, instruments focused on stimulating the innovation demand-side, instruments focused on the formation of systemic relations, and instruments focused on infrastructures and regulation. Although the more recent studies have a systemic approach to the policy instruments based on their potential for solving the problems of innovation systems, in this paper, we title a specific type of instruments as systemic instruments which their focus is on capacity building for more interactions and communications between different actors of the system. Eventually “110 Programs for Supporting Knowledge-based Companies in Iran” is reviewed as a case study and the results indicate that a major part of these programs is direct financial support. In addition, amongst different types of systemic instruments, few choices are considered in these programs.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Innovation System
  • Innovation Policy Instruments
  • Innovation Demand-Side
  • Innovation Supply-Side
  • Systemic Instruments
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