مبانی نظری سیاست‌گذاری علم، فناوری و نوآوری از نگاه مکاتب علم اقتصاد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیأت‌علمی پژوهشکده مطالعات فناوری، تهران

2 دکترای اقتصاد و پژوهشگر پژوهشکده مطالعات فناوری، تهران

چکیده

هدف اصلی این مقاله، بررسی تاریخی دوگان مرسوم اقتصاد نئوکلاسیک و اقتصاد تکاملی به عنوان دو مکتب اصلی علم اقتصاد در حوزه سیاست‌گذاری علم، فناوری و نوآوری و نقش این دوگان در اتخاذ سیاست‌های متفاوت توسعه فناوری است. مکاتب مذکور، رویکردها و چارچوب‌های تحلیلی متفاوتی را به کار می‌گیرند. در یک سو چارچوب‌های نظری اقتصاد نئوکلاسیک، با مفروضات بنیادی‌ای نظیر عقلانیت ابزاری و انتخاب عقلایی، امکان دستیابی به تعادل‌های بلندمدت، وجود بازار علم و فناوری و موارد مشابه دیگر پیکر‌بندی می‌شود. در مقابل، اقتصاد تکاملی که به صورت عام ناظر بر گستره‌ای از رویکردهای اقتصادی ناهمگن ولی منتقد مفروضات بنیادین اقتصاد نئوکلاسیک است در حوزه علم، فناوری و نوآوری دلالت‌های سیاستی خود را بر مفروضاتی نظیر عدم وجود یک تعادل بلندمدت در عرصه علم، فناوری و نوآوری و تمرکز بر موضوعاتی نظیر ظرفیت جذب و یادگیری به جای بازار علم و فناوری استوار ساخته‌ است. مقاله پیش رو ضمن بررسی دقیق و تاریخی مفروضات نظری و چارجوب‌های مفهومی این دو دسته از مکاتب اقتصادی، سعی کرده دلالت‌های این تمایزات مبنایی را در عرصه سیاست‌گذاری بررسی نماید. نتایج حاکی از آن است که علی‌رغم وجود تفاوت‌های گسترده در خصوص مبانی نظری اقتصاد نئوکلاسیک و اقتصاد تکاملی، دلالت‌های سیاستی مکاتب اقتصادی مزبور در حوزه سیاست‌گذاری فناوری و نوآوری طی سال‌های اخیر به سمت همگرایی و مکملی بوده که این موضوع در ایران نیز به رغم وجود اختلافات نظری در عرصه سیاست‌گذاری تا حدود زیادی قابل مشاهده است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Theoretical Foundations of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy from the View of Economic Schools

نویسندگان [English]

  • Meysam Narimani 1
  • Jafar Hosseini 2
1 Assistant Professorm Technology Institute Studies (TSI), Tehran, Iran
2 Researcher, Technology Institute Studies (TSI), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The historical study of duality between neoclassical economics and evolutionary economics as the two main schools of economics in the field of science, technology and innovation policy (STIP) and its role in adopting different technology development strategies are the main objective of this research. Each of these schools have different analytical approaches and frameworks. On the one hand, the theoretical frameworks of neoclassical economics are articulated with fundamental assumptions such as instrumental rationality and rational choice, the possibility of achieving long-term equilibrium, existence of the science and technology market, and so on. In contrast, the evolutionary economics, which is generally viewed as a heterogeneous group of economic doctrine that have fundamental critique on neoclassical economics, in its field of science, technology and innovation, focuses on policy implications like the absence of a long-term equilibrium in science, technology And innovation and focus on topics such as absorption and learning capacity instead of the science and technology market. In this framework, the present paper, by examining the exact and historical theoretical assumptions and conceptual frameworks of these two schools of economics, has tried to examine the implications of these distinctions in the field of policy. The results of this research show that, despite the wide variations in the theoretical foundations of neoclassical economics and evolutionary economics, the policy implications of these schools in the field of technology and innovation policy have become convergent and complementary in recent years. The issue in Iran, despite the differences of opinion, can be seen to a large extent in policy making.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Neoclassical Economics
  • Evolutionary Economics
  • Science
  • Technology and Innovation Policy
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